Study Reveals
How Immune System Handles Fungal and Viral Infections
Researchers
have Examined how the human body responds to a viral
infection when it already infected by fungi, offering insights into the
immune system.
New
research has found that the body’s immune
response to fungal infections changes when a patient is also infected by a virus.
The study carried out by researchers at the University of Birmingham, the
Pirbright Institute and University College London, all UK, sheds fresh light on
the immune system’s ability to deal with co-infection.
Although
clinicians understand that how the immune system responds to fungal and viral
infections, much less is known about what happens when both occur together.
Typically,
white blood cells will attack pathogens through phagocytosis where a pathogen
is engulfed by the white blood cell. In fungal
infections, however, sometimes this process ‘reverses’ ejecting the fungus
back out of the white blood cell via a process called vomocytosis.
The researchers also able to show that this process of expulsion is rapidly
accelerated when the white blood cells detect a virus.
The team used for advanced microscopy methods to examine the live white blood cells
exposed to two different types of virus, HIV, and measles, alongside the fungal pathogen,
Cryptococcus neoformans. This opportunistic pathogen is particularly deadly
between HIV+ patients.
Instead
of just becoming less able to deal with the fungus, the researchers found that
the white
blood cells began to kill the fungal cells much quicker.
Lead
author, Professor Robin May, Director of the Institute of Microbiology and
Infection at the University of Birmingham, explained: “We found the macrophages
ejected their prey the fungal cells much more quickly when the virus was
present. This was much unexpected but could be an attempt to ‘free up’ those
white blood cells to deal with the new viral invaders.”
The
researchers concluded, as vomocytosis
occurred with both viruses, that the result was likely to be a general reaction
to viral co-infection.
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